![]() The board has been accused of being more lenient to major studios, granting them more acceptable ratings compared to those given to independent and foreign films. Since its inception, the Ratings Board of the MPAA-an eleven-member board made up of parents who are not employed by the entertainment industry-has been mired in controversy. The NC-17 rating replaced the X rating, which came to signify pornography. The ratings were revised several times over the years, to include in 1984 a new PG-13 label, and in 1990 a new NC-17 rating (which stands for no one 17 and under admitted). The new ratings system began with four categories: G (general audiences), M (mature audiences, changed in 1969 to PG, parental guidance suggested), R (restricted, no children under 17 allowed without parents or adult guardians), and X (no one under 17 admitted). Finally, the social norms of the 1960s allowed for more candid depictions of adult matter, and during this period there was a greater acceptance of more explicit degrees of nudity, sexuality, and violence. In addition, as the hierarchical studio system died, studios executives lost their iron grip over the content of films, which made the Production Code unenforceable. v Dallas, in which the Supreme Court forbade local governments from banning movies shown to adults but permitted officials to pass laws preventing children from being exposed to certain material. There were several reasons why the Production Code was replaced, including a 1968 opinion in Interstate Circuit, Inc. The Production Code listed specifics about what would not be permitted in films and a vague imperative that films should not lower the moral standards of viewers. motion picture industry had adopted a policy of self-censorship. ![]() The MPAA rating system replaced the older Hay’s Production Code, used from the 1930s through 1966, in which the U.S. MPAA ratings replaced the Hay's Production Code For example, many theater chains will not run films without ratings, and numerous publications will not run ads for unrated films. However, there are potentially significant economic sanctions for those filmmakers unwilling to accept the ratings system. The ratings system is voluntary, and there is no legal requirement that filmmakers submit their films for rating. In 1968 the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) established a system of movie ratings for parents to use as a guide to determine the appropriateness of a film’s content for children and teenagers. ![]() The First Amendment limits the degree to which governments can censor or ban movies. (AP Photo/Press Association, used with permission from the Associated Press) In this photo, Spielberg poses with alien character E.T. ![]() Spielberg felt that the PG rating was too broad for the violence in these movies and suggested a PG-14 rating. Director Steven Spielberg was responsible for the PG-13 after his movies Jaws and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom were rated PG. The First Amendment limits the degree to which governments can censor or ban movies.
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